- Doubling consonants – e.g. breezzy, dissappeared
- Spell phonetically – e.g. ment, brite
- Stressed and unstressed letters – knife = nife, stomach = tomach
- Vowel combinations – i.e. ‘I comes before e’ e.g. coulourful
- Suffixing and prefixing – e.g. living = liveing
- Initial letter – e.g. England = Ingland
- Insertion - adding extra letters
- Omission - leaving out letters
- Substitution - substituting one letter for another
- Transposition - reversing the order of letters in words
- Phonetic spelling - spelling words according to the standard phonemes that graphemes make
- Over/undergeneralising of spelling rules - applying or not applying rules in inappropriate contexts or one specific context
- Salient (key) sounds - only including the key sounds
Cohesive features
- Connectives
- Punctuation – full stop, colon
- Order of the text
- Tenses used
- Paragraphs
- Headings, sub headings
- Consistency of audience
- Anaphoric references – referring to the past - last week
- Cataphoric references – referring to future – later on
- Continuity of style
- Conventions followed
- Structure
- Illustrations
- Layout
- Consistency of sentence lengths
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