- English first introduced to the Americas by English colonization in 1607.
- Varieties in spelling such as including/removing 'u', where standard English includes and American-English removes- e.g. "colour"/"color". This also includes the variation in spelling when using an 's' or a 'z' where standard English users are using the spelling with the 's' rather than the 'z'.
- Differences in lexis where terms are not the same but the meaning is e.g. "Boot"/"trunk", "bonnet"/"hood". However speakers can generally understand eachother due to increased usage of technology such as movies and social media - so interactions are still fluent.
- The use of past/present tense in the same situation - Standard English users may use the past tense for a present situation such as "I am sat in the class" where as American-English users would use the present tense "I am sitting in the class".
- Different formatting of dates - standard English uses day/month/year but American-English uses month/day/year.
Chicano
- English of a Mexican origin/influence.
- Consonants are often pronounced as in Spanish - e.g. the 'z' and 'v' often undergoes devoicing.
- Chicano English also has a complex set of nonstandard English intonation patterns, such as pitch rises on significant words in the middle and at the end of sentences as well as initial-sentence high pitches, which are often accompanied by the lengthening of the affected syllables.
- It is not a 'learner' variety of English, but is a fully developed form of English that is the native variety of many of its speakers.
- Often uses double negatives - however may also be a dialectical feature of some standard English in the UK, such as Bristol.
- Spanish signifies the third person possession through pre-positional phrases rather than possessive nouns, and so sentences such as "the car of my brother is blue" may be produced.
English Lingua Franca (ELF)
- This is the use of English as a means of communication between speakers of a different language.
- English is used due to the links between business, the media and even communication during The Olympics - the English language has spread to all 5 continents.
- Often includes aspects of the speakers native language, so the use of grammar and lexis may vary depending on their mother tongue.
- Some users may accommodate their language to their recipient, changing the language that they use in order to have a more successful outcome. Some may even slip into the recipients native language to further ensure better communication.
Manglish
- Originates in Malaysia.
- Spelling generally follows British English, however it has adopted many American English expressions and slang - particularly among Malaysian youth.
- Some Malaysian words have become common in Manglish, such as suffixing a sentence with -lah to signify a sentence as being not so serious.
New Zealand English
- This is the first language of the majority of the population in New Zealand, and was developed by colonists during the 19th century.
- Some New Zealanders may respond to questions with a rising intonation at the end - making their response sound like another question. This is also heard in Australia.
- In informal speech, some New Zealanders use the third person feminine she rather than the third person neutral it, again, this is similar to Australian English.
- Follows the British English usage of -re rather than the American -er, such as "centre" rather than "center".
- Also favours the English use of -ce rather than the American -se, e.g. "defence"/"defense".
